Paper topics

This assignment is now due on Monday, March 23 at 4 p.m. Please write a paper of approximately 5 pages. As always, feel free to come up with your own topics, but run it by me first.

1. Discuss an aspect of Frederick Douglass’s position as an observer in the Narrative. Douglass often takes an observer’s rather than rather than an actor’s role in his autobiography: he watches his aunt’s beating; watches the ships passively from a distance; and at times describes his fellow slaves from a detached perspective. Why does Douglass employ this strategy? Is the observer’s position one of power, weakness, or both? What kinds of traumas might an observer experience differently from a participant? At what points is he not an observer, and why?

2. Examine the role of nature and seasons in Douglass. We learn at the very start that slaves often organize their time according to the seasons rather than to the calendar. How does Douglass relate to the natural world? What kinds of natural imagery does he use, and why?

3. Analyze the role of gender in Douglass’s narrative. Douglass’s narrative is, in part, about his transformation from slave into “man.” To what extent is “man” a male or masculine term, as opposed to a gender-neutral one? How does he depict women and the feminine? Does he attach essential qualities to ideal manhood and womanhood?

4. Compare the technique of apostrophe in Douglass’s Narrative and Whitman’s “When Lilacs Last.” Both writers use this formal rhetorical technique (the address to a person or thing which is absent, inanimate, or unable to respond) in the face of despair. How does apostrophe function for each of them? How does the aesthetic experience (or the experience of beauty) relate to the function of mourning?

5. Analyze “Bartleby” as a Gothic tale or ghost story. The ghostly (vampiric?) Bartleby is surrounded by images of death: he stares at a “dead wall;” had a job reading dead letters; reminds the narrator of dead cultures. Yet this is not a Poe-like haunted mansion, but a “haunted office.” How and why does Melville incorporate Gothic tropes? What is it that scares the narrator, or us, about Bartleby? How does this urban Gothic tale compare to a more conventional horror story?

6. Analyze mythic imagery in “Paradise of Bachelors and Tartarus of Maids.” In both tales, Melville invites us into worlds that live on the edge between myth and reality. How does he use mythology? Why are these mythological elements appropriate to stories about mill-workers and lawyers? How do they change the reader’s relationship with the tales?

7. Analyze the ending(s) of “Bartleby,” “Paradise/Tartarus,” and/or “Life in the Iron-Mills.” All three narrators claim to arrive at a revelation, or at least a deeper understanding of the characters and their social context; do they? To what extent are these endings successes or failures? What is our experience as readers of these tales? Do we identify with or share in the narrator’s experience? To the extent that these tales advocate reform, how does the relative success/failure of the ending further that goal? What kind of result do you imagine coming from these stories from the reader’s perspective?

8. Analyze images of reproduction in “Paradise/Tartarus.” “Tartarus of Maids” is full of the images of female reproduction; how do these biological images interact with the machinery of the paper mill? With other, less literal, forms of reproduction? How does the maids’ story relate to that of the bachelors?

9. Discuss gender roles in “Life in the Iron-Mills.” Hugh Wolfe is mocked as a “girl-man,” and his sculpture has both male and female qualities. What attributes attach to male and female, and how/why does Davis blend or blur those categories? Is gender related to class, to race, to ethnicity, to social position?

10. Analyze the role of art and aesthetics in “Life in the Iron-Mills.” How does the korl-woman sculpture function symbolically? What does art offer to the workers? How do the men of privilege react to it? Does the story imply that art is a legitimate and effective means of inspiring reform? How is the sculpture similar to or different from the story itself?

11. How do city and nature interact in “Crossing Brooklyn Ferry?” Whitman sets his poem at the intersection of the natural environment and the built environment: on a commuter ferry, between Manhattan and Brooklyn, surrounded by buildings, but also on a river, near the ocean, surrounded by birds, at sunset. How do these two elements interact for Whitman? What values does he attach to city and to nature? To what extent does he overturn our expectations about what city and nature represent, and why?

12. Analyze the interaction between speaker and reader in Whitman. At times Whitman speaks directly to “you;” at other times he seems to merge with the reader. What kind of relationship does he imagine with the reader, and for what purpose? What power does Whitman have over us, and what power do we have over Whitman?

13. Examine an aspect of Whitman’s perspective on time in either “Crossing Brookyn Ferry” or “When Lilacs Last.” How does he use different ways of measuring time: clock time, calendar time, seasonal time, cyclical time, eternity, the stoppage of time? Both “Brooklyn Ferry” and “Lilacs” incorporate an image of traveling through space and time in a linear fashion—the ferry, the train—but also imagine time more flexibly. How do those different notions of time interact, and when/why does he privilege one over the other?

14. Slants, edges, circles, borders: discuss Dickinson’s use of space and spatial metaphors. Choose a particular set of spatial images and analyze how and why she uses them in two or more poems.

15. Analyze an aspect of nature imagery in Dickinson. Plants and trees, birds and insects, sun and wind: how does this poet, who seems at times intensely “interior,” relate to the outside world? What kind of relationship(s) does she develop with the creatures and experiences of nature: symbolic, material, aesthetic, spiritual?

16. Discuss Dickinson’s relationship to religion, God and the divine. What kind of presence does God have in her poems? How does organized religion, with its hierarchies and structures, relate to larger ideas of the transcendent and the eternal?

17. Analyze Winterbourne’s role in “Daisy Miller.” Why is he the focal point through which we encounter Daisy? Is he a counterpart to Daisy? Does he undergo any transformation? You might consider comparing Winterbourne to one of Melville’s narrators.

18. How do James and/or Wharton imagine the relationship between Europe and America? What do Switzerland, Italy, and England represent to these Americans? To what extent are the characters “representative Americans” and “representative Europeans” vs. individuals? How does environment impact these characters’ fates?

19. Examine ideas of “innocence” and childhood in “Daisy Miller.” At one point, Winterbourne stutters between the terms “ignorance” and “innocence;” what ideas attach to each of those terms, and does either ultimately apply to Daisy? What role does Randolph play in the tale? Is Daisy a child? Is Winterbourne innocent?

20. Analyze the narrator’s voice in either “Daisy Miller” or “Souls Belated.” What relationship do the narrators seem to have with their characters? How do James and/or Wharton use shifts in tone and perspective? At what points do they choose to use irony, mockery, or sarcasm, and at what points a “flatter,” more objective tone, and why?

Post on Henry James

Click on "comments" to post a discussion question or read the questions for Tuesday.

Post on Walt Whitman

Please click on the comments section to add your posts (for the discussion question writers) or to read the discussion questions for our class on Whitman.



(Photos: Whitman in 1854, at age 35, and in 1887, at age 68)

Lowell Mill Workers

Melville's "Tartarus of Maids" is based in part on the mill workers in Lowell, Massachusetts. Here are some images from those mills.

Two weavers

At the loom


Boott cotton mill






Sources, and find out more, at these websites:
http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/21boott/21boott.htm
http://www.library.csi.cuny.edu/dept/americanstudies/lavender/lowell.html

Melville tales: Paradise/Tartarus and Bartleby

Please give these questions some thought as you read for tomorrow. We'll address them together in class.

1) Like many other stories we've encountered so far, these tales take as their subject "bachelors" and "maids." Think about why these single men and women--unattached, unencumbered by certain social ties--might be resonant characters for these writers? What are some of the common characteristics between, say, Bartleby and Ichabod Crane? The narrator in House of Usher and the narrator in Bartleby? The maids of Melville's "Tartarus" and the Beatrice in Rappaccini's Daughter?

2) These stories are about the world of work rather than the domestic sphere. What kind of work do we see being done? What is the relationship between work and home, or between public life and private life? What sense do we get of the private/domestic lives of Melville's characters? And how is it significant that Bartleby makes work into a domestic space?

3) All of these tales include images of reproduction and copying. In "Tartarus of Maids" Melville makes an explicit link between images of female reproduction and the great paper-making machine; the main activity in "Bartleby" is copying legal documents. How do you think copying functions symbolically for Melville? Is anyone doing "original" work?

4) There are subtle regional dichotomies set up in "Paradise" and "Tartarus." What can we make of the relationship between England and the U.S. that is implicitly set up in the pairing between the two tales? What about the relationship between North and South in "Paradise"?

5) Why are the "bachelors" matched with the "maids", and what connection do they have with one another? They're not part of the same industry or even on the same continent, so why would Melville pair these tales?

Paper topics

This paper is due Monday, February 16 at 4 p.m. to my office, Cushing-Martin 134. It should be approximately 5 pages long.

Irving’s male characters are often the town gossips, the storytellers, and the repositories of community history. Why? What role do women play in the production of stories? Discuss the connection between gender and storytelling in his tales.

Analyze images of consumption in “Rip Van Winkle” or “Sleepy Hollow.” Why are Irving’s stories so filled with eating, drinking, smoking, and “consuming” stories?

Analyze the role of sleep, dreams, and trance states in one or two of the following tales: “Rip Van Winkle,” “Sleepy Hollow,” “The Birth-Mark,” “Ligeia,” or “House of Usher.” Why is everyone so sleepy? How do Poe, Hawthorne, and/or Irving contrast the world of sleep and dreams with the workaday world, and to what end?

Compare the conversations that Everell has with Digby and that Everell has with Magawisca in chapter four of Hope Leslie. How do the characters’ different class, race, and gender statuses affect their competing claims? How does Everell relate to each character differently?

Emerson famously imagined himself as “transparent eyeball” and privileges those with an “attentive eye” (1115). Discuss Emerson’s use of visual metaphors. Why is sight such a key symbol for him? In what sense does it allow him to access both the physical world and the spiritual world? If you prefer, you may choose to analyze a different sense instead (hearing, touch, etc.).

Both William Apess in “An Indian’s Looking-Glass for the White Man,” and Abraham Lincoln in “The House Divided” speech, use religious imagery and Biblical references to make a case against racial inequality. Compare their use of such imagery: how does it give their arguments structure? What kind of claims do they make on the reader/listener?

Windows, thresholds, doorways, staircases, enclosed chambers, walled gardens: examine the role of architecture in Hawthorne or Poe. Why do these writers place so much emphasis on the structures their characters inhabit, and especially on liminal (borderline) spaces? What is the connection between architecture and the psychological states of their characters? Between the structure of their dwellings and the structure of their stories?

Wombs, tombs, and bridal chambers: Discuss the relationship between sexuality, birth, and death in Poe. What is the relationship between reproduction (childbearing) and Poe's obsessive doubling and repetition? Why do none of the male-female pairs produce children, and why do the children seem to be parentless?

Blog posting

Below are the dates you've signed up for. I will create a heading for each of those weeks, and on your assigned week, you should write a discussion question relating to the reading, something to help guide our conversation in class. Please post your comment no later than Monday at noon. Then the other members of class should check the blog on Monday night and read the discussion questions.

The discussion question should be substantial (at least a couple of sentences long) and should refer us to something specific in the text, either a particular passage or a specific theme/image/character. Read the questions of the other members of your group as well, and think about links between and among the questions.

You should be prepared to discuss and elaborate on your question in class.